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Will Manual Testing Survive in a Highly Automated QA World?
Testing, in any field of life, is one of the most important and crucial stages. We have often seen people struggling with quality once a product is delivered to them. Similarly, in software, the testing phase is the most significant. Companies invest a lot of time and money in testing to ensure that the byproduct is quality-oriented.
The testing process involves evaluating a product, service, or system to determine its functionality, quality, and performance. This includes identifying and reporting any defects or bugs, followed by verifying that the product meets the set standards and requirements.
How to Test?
Testing can be done either manually by humans (Manual Testing) or through tools (Automation Testing).
Manual Testing
As the name suggests, this type of testing is performed by humans. Testers interact with the product and look for potential anomalies introduced during development or requirements gathering. It involves critical thinking to explore various paths to achieve the desired outcome. The experience of testers plays a vital role, as it helps identify edge cases and execute them, resulting in uncovering defects or bugs in the system.
Automation Testing
Automation testing involves using tools to perform testing. Pre-scripted tests are the foundation of this type of testing, executed automatically to compare actual and expected outcomes. Automation testing is particularly useful for repetitive tasks or in situations where manual testing resources are unavailable.
Types of Testing
There are various types of testing:
Unit Testing: Testing individual components to ensure the expected results are achieved.
Integration Testing: Testing combinations of various units working together.
System Testing: Testing the entire system to ensure that requirements are met.
Acceptance Testing: Testing to ensure the system meets the criteria acceptable to the end user.
Regression Testing: Testing the entire application/system to ensure recent bug fixes or changes have not introduced new bugs in related code areas or the system as a whole.
The Manual Testing Process
Before discussing the significance of manual testing, here is a quick guide on how to perform it:
Step 1: Ensuring That Client Requirements Are Clear
Understanding client requirements is essential. Testers need to know what they are testing and what outcomes are expected. This includes understanding the software's functionality and non-functional aspects. Based on this, an adequate team of testers is assembled.
Step 2: Preparing a Good Test Plan
The QA team ensures that objectives are clear, the scope is well-defined, resources are allocated, risk management strategies are in place, the test environment is planned, and documentation is thorough. Flexibility, user experience, and effective communication within the team are prioritized without compromising project goals.
Step 3: Designing Detailed Test Cases
Test cases must have clear objectives and scope, detailed steps for execution, specified expected outcomes, and all necessary prerequisites. Testers ensure the test cases are clear, concise, and easy to execute while including postconditions.
Step 4: Setting Up a Planned Testing Environment
Before execution, QA ensures the environment is ready, including installations, configurations, and relevant data to avoid delays.
Step 5: Execution of Manual Testing
Execution is carried out test case by test case as per the outlined procedures.
Step 6: Reporting Defects
Defects or bugs are reported immediately, including steps to reproduce, actual and expected results, and priority levels.
Step 7: Tracking Defects
Testers log findings into the company’s tracking system to monitor progress and update statuses.
Step 8: Regression Testing
After bug fixes, regression testing ensures changes haven’t caused new issues and that functionality remains intact.
Step 9: Closure Report
Test results are evaluated against defined criteria to determine if testing objectives were met. A test summary report documents activities, results, and additional observations or feedback.
Step 10: Feedback
Finally, feedback is gathered to ensure stellar product quality and to enable continuous improvement.
Difference Between Manual and Automation Testing
In manual testing, testers brainstorm and generate ideas to uncover defects by exploring various paths or cases. In automation testing, these cases are translated into scripts by test engineers and executed automatically regularly to verify the expected outcomes.
To better understand, the table below illustrates the key differences between Manual and Automation Testing.
Characteristics
Manual Testing
Automation Testing
Accuracy
Human reasoning and judgment trumps tech in manual testing. As this “skill” allows better management of complex tasks.
As they are dependent on test scripts, even a minute error that disrupts the outcome. And as reasoning and judgement is absent in a bot, the outcome cannot be relied upon.
Time of Processing
Even though manual efforts are more labour intensive and vary in terms of QA’s speed, they do not require any scripting efforts.
The initial set up in terms of scripting requires attention to detail, additional programming knowledge and relevant skills. Hence, even though the process is quick and faster to execute, the prep time is a toll.
Adaptability
Test cases that evolve with the needs are better suited for manual testing, as humans are more adaptable to change.
The scripts need to be revised even if there is a petty change. Hence, it tends to be quite time-consuming.
Requirement of Resources
Humans are the hero here.
Automation testing requires both tools and a human, and not just any human, it must be a trained one.
Exploratory Testing
Manual testing advocates exploratory testing.
Due to certain limitations in automation testing, exploratory testing is not possible.
Requirements of the Framework
Not Applicable.
Various frameworks are used.
Investment
The only requirement is a QA.
From automated tools to engineers, it requires good investment.
Human as a Resource
User-friendly systems can be developed as a human is testing and observing
Let’s be candid, a bot cannot enhance user experience.
Programming Knowledge
A manual tester requires no programming knowledge to perform testing.
Having programming knowledge is a prerequisite for automation testing.
Usage
Usable for the following:
Exploratory Testing
Usability Testing
Ad-hoc Testing
Usable for the following:
Regression Testing
Load Testing
Performance Testing
Significance of Manual Testing
Manual testing is an integral part of the Software Development Life Cycle. An automated test will only be written if that flow has been validated by manual testing at least once. There are several ways in which manual testing surpasses automated testing:
Ad-hoc Testing
One of the most significant benefits of manual testing is that it allows ad-hoc testing. This means a new feature or defect can be quickly tested, and there is no need to write an automated test for it!
Cost-Effective
There is a high cost involved in adding scenarios to automated scripts, and you are still not sure if that is enough. You need time to get new testing ideas automated. In manual testing, you can cover additional scenarios right away that come to mind during testing. Furthermore, there is an even higher cost involved in analyzing the testing framework and keeping it updated for changing selectors and application flow. This is where manual testing is always preferred over automated testing.
Comprehensive Testing
Testers can perform multiple types of testing coverage in manual testing, including functionality testing, usability testing, and accessibility testing.
Maintenance
One of the key benefits of manual testing is that, unlike automated testing, manual testing does not require any maintenance. On the other hand, automated tests need to be updated periodically.
Flexibility
Automated tests reduce manual effort and are speedy, but they lack persona-based variations during daily executions. These tests are merely repetitions of written scripts, whereas a manual tester can bring variation to their tests on a daily basis.
Reduced Technical Debt
For major fixes in software, automated tests can only provide confidence that the "happy paths" are working fine, but ideal regression testing is not possible. This is where manual testing comes into play, giving visibility into the software's health and determining if the build is stable enough to push to production.
Exploratory Testing
Testers can explore applications or software, detect any unusual behavior, and report it promptly. On the contrary, automated testing cannot identify such cases.
Time-Efficient
The time window for adding, updating, or removing test cases in automation is quite large, whereas manual testing allows for quick checks with coverage of multiple edge cases on the same day.
Early Detection
If there is an anomaly in the early phases of the development cycle, manual testing can easily identify it, reducing the overall cost of fixing the defect.
Nuance and Complexity
For scenarios that require subjective testing or are nuanced and complex in nature, manual testing is the best fit. These include:
User Experience (UX) Testing
Accessibility Testing
Usability Testing
Multiple Variables and Dependencies Testing
Wrapping It Up
Automated testing, without a doubt, is speedy and allows for executing cases at any time (day or night), but the coverage is still dependent on the available/written tests in the automation suite. Manual testing enables us to test unexplored flows that lack written scripts. It provides the liberty to act as a real-life user and explore applications with a human psyche, which evolves with societal changes, technological advancements, and cultural trends.
Glossary - Software Development Life Cycle
A structured process that ensures high-quality and cost-efficient software is produced in the shortest production time. It includes planning, requirements analysis, designing, coding, testing, deployment, and maintenance.
I am a seasoned Software Quality Assurance (SQA) professional with over nine years of industry experience. Currently serving as a Principal SQA Engineer, I have worked in automation testing for financial software in the past and major contribution is in manual testing across financial, insurance, and travel-related websites. Known for a meticulous approach to quality and a deep understanding of complex systems, I ensure the delivery of reliable and high-performing applications.
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